Definitions and meaning of education
The word ‘education’ has a wide meaning, and it is difficult
to define it in precise terms. As per NTA Exam pattern, there are no direct
question pertaining to definition, still some of the statements are here for
better retention of concept of education. The terms education, teaching and
learning are closely related. The objective of education is learning, not
teaching. Teaching is the way to make students learn, but then, it is not the
only way. Education is the key to everything that is good in our world today.
Education is not only about the past and present, but it is also the key to the
future. Education not only teaches our children facts but also teaches them how
to think and learn on their own.
Swami Vivekananda
defines education as the manifestation of perfection already in man.
Major philosophies and Approaches in education
Philosophy
is a vast subject. All aspects of education such as aims, objectives,
curriculum, teaching methods, teacher, text books and discipline are influenced
by philosophy.
Three basis of
education:
The
educational process is decided on the basis of three questions – ‘Why’, ‘How’,
and ‘What’. Here, the question of ‘Why’ is most important. This is answered by
philosophy.
The
‘How’ is decided by the psychology
and
‘What’ is decided by the social needs.
Hence,
education is based on the basis of philosophical, psychological, and
sociological basis.
There
are many philosophies of education, some of the important philosophies of
education have
been
mentioned below.
2. Idealism:
The
word ‘idealism’ has been derived from ‘Ideal’. It is basically about ‘Mind and
Self’, that is actually spiritualism. The universal mind or God is central in
understanding the world. God is the source of all creation and knowledge,
spirit and mind constitute reality. Values are absolute, eternal and
unchanging. Real knowledge is perceived in mind that is more important than
knowledge gained through the senses. Man has a superior nature that is
expressed in the form of intellectual culture, morality and religion.
Froebel,
Kant, Plato, Swami Dayanand, Vivekananda and Sri Aurobindo are main proponents of
idealism.
3. Naturalism:
Contrary to idealism, naturalism is a philosophy with the
belief that nature alone represents the entire reality. Human life is a part of
nature; it is a self sufficient entity having its own natural matter, natural
force and natural laws. Its emphasis is on matter and the physical world. It
does not believe in spirituality and supernaturalism. Our senses are the gateway
to knowledge, and nature is the source of all knowledge. Mind is subordinate to
nature. The educative process must be pleasurable and set in natural
surroundings. The main protagonists of naturalism are Tagore, Rousseau, and
Herbert Spencer.
4. Pragmatism:
‘Pragmatism’ is basically a greek word that means practice
or action. Here, the key word is ‘utility’, whatever is useful is good and
whatever is good is useful. A pragmatist lives in a world of facts. Pragmatism
focuses on activity or doing. There are no absolute values of life. Truth is
created during the course of experience. Humans are active beings and have the
ability to solve their problems through the logic of experiments and scientific
methods. The main thinkers are John Dewey, Kilpatrick, Mead are some of the
exponents of this philosophy.
5. Constructivism:
The learner actively constructs knowledge. Jean Piaget and
J. S. Bruner believed that learning involves an active processing of
information and that each individual activity organizes and constructs
knowledge for itself. Educational psychology believes that there are
developmental stages for knowledge organization. According to Jean Piaget,
‘accommodation’ and ‘assimilation’ are basic to learning. A learner develops
new ‘schema’ through accommodation. New experiences are assimilated into
already existing schemas or they may be accommodated by creating new schemas.
6. Humanism:
7. Rationalism:
8. Empiricists claim that sense experience is the ultimate
source of all our concepts and knowledge.
9. Existentialism:
It is a philosophy that emphasizes individual existence,
freedom and choice. This emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the
individual experience in a hostile or in different universe, regards human
existence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom of choice and responsibility
for the consequences of one’s acts.
10. Behaviourism:
It assumes that learner is a passive organism who may be
conditioned to learn new
behaviour. Therefore, learning could be explained by change
in observable behaviour. E. L. Thorndike
postulated the law of exercise and the law of effect.
(a) Law
of exercise:
Repeating
a conditioned response would strengthen the bond between the stimulus and the
response. In other words, practice makes a man perfect.
(b) Law
of effect:
Law of effect is the principle of reinforcement and
punishment. Pleasures and pains resulting from previous behavior decides our
future behaviour.
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